Warfare in Polygamy Essay -- Marriage Spouse

Warfare in Polygamy Introduction Marriage is a universal trait of human kinship and social organization. It probably developed very early in the course of human social history. In human society, several cultures have used marriage to carry out some widespread functions. Some people are married because of love or romance. Yet, others are married for economic security, economic contribution, heritage, or political reason. However, in spite of these general features, different cultures have developed different pattern of regulations and customs that determine prohibitions and preferences for marriage partners. These regulations and customs are also helped to shape expectations between spouses and in-laws Monogamy is the major form of marriage and is closely associated with most societies of Europe and Asia, while polygyny is found in traditional societies such as Africa. According to "The History of Human Marriage," monogamy, always the predominant form of marriage, has been more prevalent at the lowest stages of civilization than at somewhat higher stages; whilst, at a still higher stage, polygyny has again, to a great extent, yielded to monogamy" (Westermarck, 505). Yet, some polygyny can be found in more advanced societies such as Eurasia. Other regions that are associated with polygyny include Circum-Mediterranean, Insular Pacific, North America, and South America. However, the percentage of occurrence is very different in each society. Because polygyny in different society serves a different purpose, the causation for participation in collective fighting in polygyny of different society will be different. For instance, in Africa, plural marriage is far more general. According "the Factors of Polygamy in African... ...ly support that the causation for women to participate in collective fighting will differentiate across societies and countries. Reference DorJahn, V. "The Factors of Polygamy in African Demography." Continuity and Change in African Cultures.In Herskovits, M., and Bascom, W. (eds.), Chicago: 1959, p. 125-158. Goody, Jack. "Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women." The Character Of Kinship.Cambridge University Press, London: 1973, p.175-189. Spencer, Paul. "Polygyny as a Measure of Social Differentiation in Africa." ASA Essay in Social Anthropology.Institute For the Study of Human Issues Publisher, Philadelphia: v.3, 1980, p.117-160. Westermarck, E. the History of Human Marriage.London, 1893. White, Douglas R. "Rethinking Polygyny" Current Anthropology.The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, The U.S., V 29, No 4, 1988, p. 529-571.

Abstract on Marketing Intelligence System for a Media Company

Marketing Intelligence Database Management at Manipal Media Network Limited A project by * Abhishek Gupta * Aishwarya Shetty * Nikhil Modi * Nikita Patel * Pritish Prabhu * Rahul Dara * Reshma R * Rishi Gupta * Sudip Ray * Vaibhav Goswami OVERVIEW OF MMNL Manipal Media Network Limited is a subsidiary of Manipal Group which specializes in printing and publications. Udayavani, the flagship publication of the MMNL is a leading daily Kannada newspaper. Its subscriptions reach most cities of Karnataka including Mangalore, Bangalore and Gulbarga.Its first issue was in 1971 and it continues to grow daily reaching more than 300,000 houses. BUSINESS STRATEGY MMNL has always tried to maintain the values of its shareholders and customers against its competition. MMNL strives to be a Multi-media Corporation, making its presence felt across several platforms including print, e-papers among others delivering local news and entertainment solutions. IT STRATEGY The strategy of the IT team of MMNL is consistently aligned with the overall strategy of the company.This is done by the higher management who believe that IT plays an integral part in proving a competitive advantage. The IT team has provided MMNL with various solutions ahead of its time such as iTunes’ first Kannada Application, the first Kannada News Android App and has entered into partnerships with media leaders such as Yahoo and Newshunt. The IT team has also ensured that MMNL is a leader in delivering news on online platforms such as Android, IOS and Web. Along with this, it has developed internal MIS systems and also worked hand in hand with companies like 4CPlus for successful ERP implementations in numerous areas.By implementing Market Intelligence Database System which will help us in storing the data in a structured format and providing management with quality information which will give them a better insight for efficient decision making. Strategic Alignment Model * Alignment of business and IT strate gy: * The overall business strategy of MMNL is to be a multi media corporation with presence across platforms delivering hyper local news and entertainment solutions. The IT team works in alignment with this overall strategy and strives to provide cutting edge technology solutions that are ahead in time, however keeping the cost aspect in perspective. Some of the results of their effort is – ITunes first Kannada App, First Kannada News App on Android, Partnership with global leaders like Yahoo and Newshunt. Since many readers today have access to internet and spend a lot of time on it, the industry feels that there might be a shift from traditional newspaper to online platforms. * However, this should take a decade's time or so. MMNL being a leader in coastal in Karnataka sees this as an opportunity to be leader on online platforms as well like Android, IOS, Web. Alignment of business and IT capabilities: * In order to align the business capabilities with IT capabilities, we have provided a suggestion to use IT capabilities in order to improve business processes and using IT tools to promote customer loyalty. The marketing intelligence system proposed by us is a step towards accomplishing this objective. * Alignment of business strategy and business capabilities: * In order to align the business strategy with business capabilities, social architecture tools can be formulated.The existing resources and capabilities should be fully utilized in order to implement the business strategy. * Training and motivating the workforce and incentivizing the workforce on successful completion of strategic objectives and goals are the means towards achieving it. * Alignment of IT strategy and IT capabilities: * When it comes to internal strategy, the IT team has developed internal MIS system and also engaged with an external agency for ERP implementation which has been done successfully in many areas.This proves that the current IT capabilities are quite robust and can be further utilized to drive business growth. * Alignment of IT strategy and capabilities can be achieved by having a cross-functional team of managers with expertise is IT knowledge and business knowledge so as to leverage the full potential of its IT capabilities. COMPETITION The major competitors to Udayavani are Prajavani, Vijay Karnataka, Kannada Prabha, Sanjevani among others. This leads to major emphasis being placed on gathering and use of market intelligence as the competition is cut throat.MARKET INTELLIGENCE Marketing Intelligence includes everyday information relevant to a company, collate and analyze the obtained information for subsequent decision making in determining market opportunities, risks and strategies. The system is to be designed for usage by the management of the company and can be viewed by all the employees of the company. This specifically enables the management to see current key performance factors in real time and analyze trends, rather than wait for analysts to deliver periodic reports.Market Intelligence is a subset of Business Intelligence which is a set of methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information. INFORMATION GATHERING Market related data reaches the company through various sources. The lower level of the organisation consists of executives and trainees who visit distributors on a daily basis. The sources of information could be by a company employees or special agents and the mode of information is mainly through phone calls, SMS, email or through other market sources.The bulk of the information is however gathered by these lower level executives from the distributors and hawkers usually during the early hours of the morning. The information consists of competitors strategies with respect to: * Advertising space, * Insertions of pamphlets, * Change of content in existing publications (page design) * Emergence of new newspapers (VRL publication) * Distributors margins * Expansion by competitors in new territories * Subscription rateManipal Institute of Communication conducts yearly market research on behalf of MMNL which gives them insight into the new trends and expectations from customers and distributors. STORAGE OF DATA MMNL presently maintains individual excel sheets for each of its competitors. The assistant managers are tasked with collating and compiling the data given to them by the executives. This data is maintained according to: * Date and division * Edition * Geographic area and edition * Source of information and context * Findings * Employee entering data and * Employee validating the dataThe data is validated through multiple sources in different regions and also through cross verification. Example: Data collected in Mangalore will be cross checked with similar repeating data from Udupi and Manipal. Due to such disparate sources, data comes in various formats, due to which collation of data is very difficul t. Also, it is difficult to comprehend this data and bringing it into a common platform may distort it. Since information is not properly structured, it may get distorted while sharing between various departments and its interpretation could be different by different people.PROBLEM The problem faced by MMNL is on three levels. 1. Lack of structure- Data reaching the company is unstructured and in fragmented form. It makes the data difficult to comprehend. Since data is of strategic importance, it could have high impact on company’s future strategy or decision. 2. Transfer of data – The data leakage during the transfer of data is the biggest problem faced by MMNL. The executives at the lower level who pass the data to the managerial level use their discretion and pass the data what they feel is important instead of all the data gathered.This leads to loss of data which may turn out to be important. 3. Accessibility – MMNL has data of the past 8-9 years which is s tored using excel sheets. A separate excel sheet is maintained for every company. Whenever the company has to check some data it has to go through all the files which is a cumbersome process. 4. Acceptance – When a new system is implemented people may not be ready to accept it. They may be anxious about what the change may lead to. RECOMMENDATIONS Few options that are present to address the issue of data leakage faced by MMNL are: 1.Toll-free number – The company can acquire a toll free number on which the executives will call and/or SMS the data which will be recorded through an automated system. If this is implemented the executives will not have to take extra efforts to pass on the data to their managers which in turn it will minimize any data leakage. The costs associated are: * BSNL – Cost is Rs. 1. 60/minute. * Initial Cost: Rs. 13000 (Rs. 10000 refundable) * Fixed monthly cost: Rs. 1000 * Tata – Cost is Rs. 2. 39/minute * Initial Cost: Rs. 30000 (R s. 25000 refundable) Fixed monthly cost: Rs. 3000 * Reliance – Cost is Rs. 2. 20/minute * Initial Cost: Rs 13000 (Rs. 10000 refundable) * Fixed monthly cost: Depends on usage 2. Incentives – Keeping the existing system of personally reporting the data to managers in place, incentives can be provided periodically based on quantity and quality of data. This will ensure that executives are encouraged to pass on every piece of available information. If the toll-free system is implemented by MMNL then it can provide incentives to executives who report the data.The problem of unreliable data will not arise as the data will be validated from sources in different regions. 3. Training and development – MMNL can perform training and development programs which are imperative to mould the staff in accordance with the company’s strategy. A company’s sales force is very crucial for the intelligence gathering activity as they can provide excellent data about the current trends in the market. They are also a very credible source for acquiring confidential data about competitors, consumers, suppliers etc.For sales force outside Manipal and Udupi, a trainer can be made to tour different parts of the country. 4. Network Externally – In order to keep a tab on its competitors, measures should be taken to track how competitors are performing. For this, purchasing the competitor's products, checking their advertising campaigns, the press media coverage, reading their published reports, etc can be done. This process is called Competitive intelligence which is the broader discipline of researching, analyzing and formulating data and information from the entire competitive environment of any organization. . Collect Competitive Intelligence through customer feedback – Customer feedback is an important aspect for any company as it is the customer who purchases the product. Online platforms like chat rooms, blogs, discussion forums, custome r review boards etc can be used to generate customer feedback. This enables the company to understand its customer’s view about the product. For this, a structured system can be applied by the company to obtain the relevant data. Manipal Institute of Communications does yearly surveys to find out changing customer perceptions regarding MMNL. . For the issue of accessibility MMNL can implement a database. * The centralised database will be in the following format: * The basic cost for a database system is around Rs. 1. 5 lakhs but depending on the different features needed by MMNL the cost can vary. * The database form can be opened at any time by the employees. A static link will be provided. * Our centralized database system will be decided into 2 main categories: * Internal Data * External Data * Internal Data * The employees can enter the intelligence acquired on internal matters in this section. The data entered here will be like delivery problems, supply chain problems e tc. * There will be a form asking them what are the issues and the department it relates to. * External Data * This section will again be divided into 2 parts: * Competitor data * Advertising Data * Competitor Data * In this form the employee will have to enter intelligence pertaining to: * Name of the company * News Acquired * Source of News * Advertising Data * In this form the employee will have to enter intelligence pertaining to: * Name of the company * News Acquired Source of News * The database will also have a verification code. * Every employee will be given a unique code which he has to enter before submitting the intelligence data. * This will secure the database and will also eliminate the possibility of anyone entering data wrongly under the name of any other person. * The problem of acceptance can be addressed in the following manner: a) Involvement of employees (i) Executives: Involving them in regards to the various incentives on offer will help reduce the anxiety to change; this will also help in building loyalty. ii) Employees: The employees can be involved through inputs about the functions needed by them in the database system. b) Workshops – MMNL can conduct workshops in the initial months after the implementation of the database system and the toll free number. * Representation through GRIDS QUICK WIN SUSTAINABILITY RISK IMPLEMENTATION RISK DUMB IDEA NEW SYSTEM at MMNL SIZE OF OPPORTUNITY ABILITY TO EXECUTE (PG. NO. 34, CHAPTER 1,CORPORATE INFORMATION & STRATEGY MANAGEMENT) MMNL has a very good track record in implementation of new technological systems.Whenever the company has implemented a new technology system the implementation took place glitch free. The company has implemented Kannada news app on android and also it has tie-ups with Yahoo and Newshunt. The company is also in the process of implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The implementation of this is going smoothly. This leads us to believe that abi lity to execute a new system will be high at MMNL and thus the new system will fall in sustainability risk. But, whenever a new IT system is implemented there is always an implementation risk ecause there might be social and technological problems. Social problems which can arise are that employees may be anxious about the new system. They may be anxious about the fact whether they will be able to use that system properly or not and if not then will they be fired from their jobs. Technological problems that may arise are compatibility problems with the legacy systems and maintenance problems. Thus, we say that the new system will be in the implementation risk of the strategic grid. PROBABLE IMPACT ON STRATEGY PROBABLE IMPACT ON BUSINESS OPERATIONSCurrent position Position after implementation (pg. no. 37,chapter 1,Corporate Information & Strategy Management) The marketing intelligence gathered from various sources is currently passed around in the office informally through Word of M outh and excel sheets. This leads to the data being fragmented, lost and getting distorted. As a result of this it is not accessible to everyone and does not provide the correct point of view. Due to this lack of accessibility, management is not able to take any timely strategic decisions.This also does not help the company much in its business operations. We can say that current system of MMNL is in the SUPPORT quadrant of the McFarlan’s Grid. This is because the system does not impact the business operations as well as its strategic decisions. After the Marketing Intelligence database system is implemented, the data will be stored in one centralized location. This will help in easy accessibility of the data. The company officials can then access this data at anytime and use it to take strategic decisions.Since the data is about competitors and the market which will help in taking important strategic decisions. The implementation of the system will not lead to any change in the business operations of the company. Thus, the system, once implemented should move from the current support position to the TURNAROUND quadrant of the McFarlan’s Grid. * BENEFITS FROM DATABASE Implementation of Market Intelligence Database System at MMNL will not lead to any tangible benefits as the decisions taken by management on the market intelligence acquired cannot be known at the moment.The implementation of the system at MMNL will only lead to intangible benefits. The benefits that arise will be: 1. The data will all be present in one place which will help the management to take better decisions. 2. The company employees will save a lot of time if the data is present in one place with options of search. 3. It will give company a competitive advantage as very few media networks have such a system present at the moment. 4. The storage of data will help the company in making a wide database which can be used for analytics in the future.

About the Artful Use of Stucco

Stucco is a mortar mixture that is commonly used as an exterior siding application on houses. Historically it has been used as a sculpting medium for architectural ornamentation. Stucco can be made by mixing sand and lime with water and various other ingredients, most often cement. Like frosting on a cracked layer cake, a good layer of stucco can enrich a once-shabby exterior. The plaster-like material, however, has many decorative uses and is found throughout the world. For centuries stucco has been used not only in Middle Eastern mosques, but also as ornate Rococo ornamentation in Bavarian pilgrimage churches. The Stucco Wall Stucco is more than a thin veneer but it is not a building material—a stucco wall is not structurally made of stucco. Stucco is the finish applied to the wall. Usually, wooden walls are covered with tar paper and chicken wire or galvanized metal screening called casing bead. Interior walls may have wooden laths. This framework is then covered with layers of stucco mixture. The first layer is called a scratch coat, and then a brown coat is applied to the dried scratch coat. The tinted finish coat is the surface everyone sees. For masonry walls, including damaged brick and concrete block that a homeowner wishes to hide, preparation is easier. A bonding agent is usually brushed on, and then the stucco mixture is applied directly to the power-washed and prepared masonry surface. How to repair stucco? Historic preservationists have written extensively on the topic in Preservation Brief 22. Definitions of Stucco Stucco is often defined by both how it is made and where (and how) it is applied. Historic preservationists in Great Britain describe a common stucco as a combination of lime, sand, and hair—with the hair long, strong, and free of dirt and grease, from the horse or ox. A 1976 Time-Life home repair book describes stucco as mortar containing hydrated lime and asbestos—probably not a recommended additive today. The 1980 Penguin Dictionary of Architecture simply describes stucco as Plasterwork usually rendered very smooth or modeled as in stucco ceilings. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction covers all bases: stucco 1. An exterior finish, usually textured; composed of portland cement, lime, and sand, which are mixed with water. 2. A fine plaster used for decorative work or moldings. 3. Simulated stucco containing other materials, such as epoxy as a binder. 4. A partially or fully calcined gypsum that has not yet been processed into a finished product. Decorative Stucco Although stucco-sided homes became popular in twentieth-century America, the concept of using stucco mixtures in architecture goes back to ancient times. Wall frescoes by ancient Greeks and Romans were painted on fine-grained hard plaster surfaces made of gypsum, marble dust, and glue. This marble dust compound could be molded into decorative shapes, polished to a sheen, or painted. Artists like Giacomo Serpotta became stucco masters, incorporating figures into the architecture, like the male nude sitting on a window cornice in the Oratory of the Rosary in Saint Lorenzo in Sicily, Italy. Stucco techniques were elaborated by the Italians during the Renaissance and the artistry spread throughout Europe. German craftsmen like Dominikus Zimmermann took stucco designs to new artistic levels with elaborate church interiors, such as The Wieskirche in Bavaria. The exterior of this pilgrimage church is truly Zimmermanns Deception. The simplicity of the walls on the outside belies the extravagant interior ornamentation. About Synthetic Stucco Many homes built after the 1950s use a variety of synthetic materials that resemble stucco. Mock stucco siding is often composed of foam insulation board or cement panels secured to the walls. Although synthetic stucco may look authentic, real stucco tends to be heavier. Walls made of genuine stucco sound solid when tapped and will be less likely to suffer damage from a hard blow. Also, genuine stucco holds up well in wet conditions. Although it is porous and will absorb moisture, genuine stucco will dry easily, without damage to the structure—especially when it is installed with weep screeds. One type of synthetic stucco, known as EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems), has long been associated with moisture problems. The underlying wood on EIFS-sided homes tended to suffer rot damage. A simple Web search for stucco lawsuit reveals plenty of problems up and down the East coast beginning in the 1990s. Experts say stucco can be done right, or it can be done quickly, reported Floridas 10NEWS-TV. And when builders are trying to put homes up as fast - or as cheap - as possible, they often choose the latter. Other types of synthetic stucco are durable, and the AIAs magazine, Architect, reports that building codes and commercial products have changed in the past few years. Its always wise to have a professional inspection before purchasing a stucco-sided home. Examples of Use Stucco siding is most often found on Mission Revival style and Spanish and Mediterranean style homes. When traveling to southern US environs, notice that concrete block is often used for sturdy, wind-resistant, energy-efficient homes and public buildings like schools and town halls. Many times these blocks are finished with only a hearty paint, but a coating of stucco is said to increase the value (and status) of these concrete block homes. Theres even an abbreviation for the practice—CBS for concrete block and stucco. When visiting the Art Deco buildings throughout Miami Beach, Florida, note that most are stucco over block. Weve been told that developers who insist on a stucco finish on wood frame structures end up having a heap of moisture problems. But not all stucco problems are the same. A wall made of straw bale will have different needs than concrete block or timber frame construction. Consulting a stucco restoration specialist who may know nothing about straw bale construction might be a mistake. Stucco recipes are not one size fits all. Mixtures are many. Having said all that, you can buy premixed and pre-formulated stucco. Both DAP and Quikrete sell bags and buckets of the mixture at big box stores and even on Amazon.com. Other companies, such as Liquitex, supply stucco mixtures for artists. Resources and Further Reading Revisiting EIFS, the Once-Maligned Cladding System that May Help Architects Meet New Energy Codes by Elizabeth Evitts Dickinson, Architect, August 5, 2013Floridas billion-dollar stucco problem by Noah Pransky, WTSP,  10NEWS-TV, June 24, 2015The Stucco Book: The Basics by Herb Nordmeyer, 2012Exterior Stucco by Ian Constantinides and Lynne Humphries, The Building Conservation Directory, 2003 at buildingconservation.com [accessed February 12, 2016]Time-Life books, Home Repair and Improvement, 1976, Masonry, Index/Glossary, p. 127The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, John Fleming, Hugh Honour, Midolaus Pevner, 3rd edition, 1980, p. 313Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, pp. 482-483

John Brown s Raid On Harper s Ferry - 1355 Words

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry Annie Page Mrs. Stone JBU History- 5th 4 May 2015 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry Countries have gone to war against themselves many times because of internal conflicts amongst the citizens or government. Civil wars do not erupt out of nothingness, but rather controversial issues manifest into something that becomes impossible to resolve in a domestic manner. The great divide between the northern and southern states turned into the controversy between the free and not free states. One either lived in the populated cities up north, most likely working in the manufacturing industry, or lived in the rural plantations of the south, dominated by an agricultural economy. Each side of†¦show more content†¦John Brown felt particularly strongly that this organized insurrection was one of the only options to overthrow slavery once and for all. He had originally hoped that slaves would ban together to join him and his small army, he even included Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman in his plotting, however no slaves joined for fear of failure. The raid party stay ed at Kennedy Farmhouse located four miles away from Harpers Ferry in preparation for the attack. With many weapons in hand the attackers situated themselves indoors in order to keep suspicions to a minimum. Approximately five men were killed and hostages were taken. Seeing as the raiders were obviously outnumbered they were caught by Robert E. Lee, leader of the U.S. Marines, and convicted of treason against the commonwealth of Virginia. John brown was hung on December 2, 1859, and the others involved were executed on December 16, 1859. The western states covered the incident with little bias, relaying only the facts and not focusing on the moral or personal aspect of the situation. San Francisco Bulletin writes that the people of the west were â€Å"anxious to know something more than they have hitherto known concerning the antecedents†. The goal of the articles was to give and accurate depiction of the incident. The newspaper did not address John Brown personally as an abuser of justice or as a courageous leader, but instead just listed the events as they happened

The Security Of Wireless Networks Essay - 945 Words

Since the inception of IEEE 802.11i in 2004, users and IT administrators have been able to improve the security of their wireless networks by taking advantage of protocols like CCMP, an algorithm designed to provide both authentication and encryption. With CCMP, wireless networks can be secured with 128-bit AES encryption, provided by the Counter Mode component of CCMP. The CBC-MAC mode component provides the authentication mechanism. Although the security provided by 802.11i is a significant improvement to 802.11 networks, the security only applies to the data frames and does not provide any security over the management frames. In an 802.11 network, the data frame is what carries the protocols and data from higher layers. For example, a data frame might contain a JPEG image or JavaScript from a web page that the user is browsing. Whereas, 802.11 management frames allow the WiFi stations to establish and maintain communications. For example, the management frames might carry co nfiguration information about the type of wireless device that’s in use on the network, as well as its configurations. Since management frames are unencrypted and can reveal critical pieces of information to a hacker, such as details about the types of wireless devices on the network as well as its configurations, it’s important to be aware of the different types of wireless attacks that a hacker can carry out against your wireless network. Although it is not heavily used in North AmericanShow MoreRelatedWireless Security : Wireless Network Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Wireless Security Overview Wireless networks serve as the transport mechanism between devices and among devices and the traditional wired networks (enterprise networks and the Internet). 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A Versatile FilmMaker Essay Research Paper Who free essay sample

A Versatile Film-Maker Essay, Research Paper Who would believe that a black comedy about atomic war, an insightful scientific discipline fiction film, and a spinal column prickling horror movie would hold anything in common? Nevertheless, Dr. Strangelove, 2001: A Space Oddessy, and The Shining all portion a common nexus: their superb manager. Stanley Kubrick has become a family name in the film-making industry. His manner and techniques produce cinematically clever innovations that have captured audiences across the Earth. His leading authorship, directing, and bring forthing abilities have made him the maestro film-maker that he is. Although his manner is really alone, much of this manner can be detected in the production of many of his films. These three films contain his defined manner of movie-making, peculiarly in the countries of proficient facets, subject, and decisions. The proficient facets of Kubrick s films have become well-known. One technique that seems to be consistent throughout all three films is high-key lighting and over-exposure. We will write a custom essay sample on A Versatile FilmMaker Essay Research Paper Who or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Strangelove, we see a great trade of over-exposure used to foreground cardinal points in the film. When Mandrake tells the President Ripper s recall codification, the lighting is really bright. This is used in order to picture the importance of this scene. Again, when the bomb is about to be dropped and the hatch opens up, the lighting is really bright. Similarly, in 2001, high-key lighting is used a great trade. We see clear illustrations of this as Bowman is going through the monolith. The visible radiations are streaked and really bright. The scene in which the over-exposure made the biggest impact is when Bowman arrives at the terminal of his journey in the hotel room. The full room is flooded with white and the scene is about blinding. The lone alleviation one finds from this blinding sight is that of Bowman in the thick of the room. In The Shining, every bit good, there is over-exposure used to convey the spectator s oculus to the object or individual being over-exposed. As Wendy describes Danny s hurt to the physician, Wendy is swimming in bright visible radiation while the physician is in the shadow of the room. This seems to connote that the physician s words are being ignored. Besides as Jack is trailing Wendy up the stepss, the visible radiation from outside inundations in behind him in order to foreground his facial looks. High-key lighting was an of import facet to all three of these movies. Another proficient facet of the films was the usage of camera angles. In Strangelove, Kubrick used many low-angle shootings, peculiarly in the plane. The shootings were seen from the underside up to the pilots faces. There is besides the usage of bird s oculus position as the bomb is falling from the plane. This shooting was one that was besides used a great trade in The Shining. As the movie begins, there is an overhead shooting of the hotel. Again, as Wendy and Danny are walking through the labyrinth, we see them from really high up. Then a high-angle shooting is used as Jack walks up the stepss towards Wendy. The shooting is from the top of the steps looking down at Jack. Aside from high-angle shootings, we besides see some worm s oculus positions. In 2001, there is an first-class illustration of this when a Moon and Sun are shown over the top of the monolith as if person were looking straight up the length of the monolith. There are besides a low-angle shootings used in The Refle cting when Jack is tilting agai nst the storage door and when Wendy is traveling through Jack s â€Å"script.† This movie besides utilizing another cinematography technique known as the tracking camera. Often times we see the camera following Jack, Danny, every bit good as Dick Halorann. These Kubrick movies have much in common and besides portion cardinal subjects. A subject shared by these movies is that of isolation. Each of the films had characters who were, in some manner, isolated from the remainder of the universe. Particularly in 2001, isolation is a major factor in the narrative content of the film. Bowman has been isolated from the full universe after all comrades are terminated. He is drifting in infinite and has no contact with the Earth. Most of his journey he takes entirely and in purdah. Even as he transforms into the Star Child at the terminal, he is entirely, although he is with the monolith. Besides in The Shining, there is a great sense of isolation. The household is populating 100s of stat mis off from any signifier of civilisation with no manner to make another homo. When the wireless and the snow cat are broken, the Torrence s are snow bound and are entirely at the hotel. Although it is non as apparent in Dr. Strangelove, there is a feeling of i solation. The isolation lies in the pilots who are isolated from the universe by their orders to travel beyond the fail-safe point. Even though they have some communicating with the base, they are non allowed to listen, therefore they are isolated from the others. One facet that seems to be present in all of these movies is the fact that all terminations are unsolved. Although the narrative ends at the terminal, Kubrick leaves his audience with another enigma merely to be interpreted by single heads. This is obviously seen in 2001 and The Shining. It is besides present in Dr. Strangelove, nevertheless it is non as clear. In the latter of the three, we see a series of atomic bombs detonating and we of course assume that the universe has been destroyed. However, one can non assist inquiring what will go on next, and what has become of this belowground universe of subsisters. In 2001, we see the Star Child as he visits the Earth and we watch him destruct a bomb. At this point, one is already exhaustively confused and continues to inquire, what of this Star Child? Where will he travel, what will he make, what will go on to Earth? Besides in The Shining, yet another enigma is presented. What the spectator sees is a image of a party at the Overlook in 1921 of which Jack Torrence was a portion. This is a really unusual and curious stoping for the film. One inquiries the life of Mr. Torrence and how he came to be a portion of the present, when in fact, he was a portion of the yesteryear. The terminal does small to reply the inquiries presented at the beginning. Here, Kubrick leaves the terminations to be interpreted by the spectator. Although these movies were created with really different audiences in head, they portion a originator in movie-making. As a author, manufacturer, manager, Stanley Kubrick has made his ageless grade on the movie universe. His unusual, yet effectual techniques serve him good in doing unforgettable films. As one may really good notice, Kubrick s films are made non merely for the exclusive intent of amusement, but besides for the sheer enjoyment of rational procedure. He makes the viewer see and understand, every bit good as think and interpret. This is what makes him a maestro film-maker.

Police Discretion and Corruption free essay sample

The Fine Line between Police Discretion and Corruption Abstract In todays law enforcement agencies there Is a fine line between discretion and corruption. Imagine that you are a police officer, you pull over a car that you suspect is driven by someone who has had too much to drink. Upon reaching the window you find that its an old friend from school. Do you take him to jail or do you take him home? Police officers have the power to make this decision.In the world of the officer this could be a case of discretion but in the eye of the public it would most likely it loud be considered corruption. Police corruption Is a major problem for our society. It has been a growing problem since the days of Prohibition. One major concern Is how to separate corruption and discretion. Studies have been taken and the results show that officers have different opinions on what corruption Is and how It should be dealt with. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Discretion and Corruption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Clocker, 2005, p. 02) The surveys were conducted on different departments; in turn different agencies have deferent cultures of integrity so the surveys accuracy could be questioned (p. 102). With the information from the studies we only know that officers have different opinions on what is corruption and what is discretion. The combination of power, authority, and discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption is a complex problem, which has no solution. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers.Police corruption has Increased dramatically with the Illegal cocaine trade, and the officer acting alone or In-groups to steal money from dealer ND/or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police officers have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angels. Corruption within police departments falls into two basic categories: internal corruption, involving relationships among the police within the works of the police department and external corruption, which involves police contact with the public.There are many different forms of corruption; gratuity, involving free meals, free dry cleaning and discounts; bribery, involving the exchange of money or something of value teen the police and wrong doer (this is very common among narcotics officers); theft and Burglary, involving officers stealing property, money and/or drugs from the department; and stealing from people under the influence, who essentially become victims of the police. A new form of police corruption developed in the early sasss and Into the sasss, which Include brutality, delimitation, sexual harassment, corrupt officers start off as honest and idealistic. The career of corruptions begins violation of the laws, involving larger amounts of money and officers initiating corrupt acts. It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to presume that police officers as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when officers are exposed violating the law. The danger of police corruption could invert the formal goals of the organization and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it.There have been many attempts to put an end to police corruption, with no real success. An attempt to eliminate corruption, by increasing salaries, more training, incentive for education, and t he development of policies that focus directly on factors leading to corruption. Despite many efforts by the police departments to control corruption, it still exists. Police corruption has a very long standing history. Controlling corruption has to come from both the police department and the assistance and support of local community members.Community members should be educated about the negative effects of corruption within the police agency and hat gratuities (most common form of police corruption), is Just the means for future corruption. They should be aware of regulations. Controlling corruption from the departmental level requires an organization with strong leadership. Corruption can take place at any level in the police department, from the patrol officer, to the chief of police. Controlling corruption begins with the chief of police and his attitude. The chief has to make it clear that corruption will not be tolerated. Establishing rules and regulations within the department to insure that all officers conform to certain behavior will help. A proactive integrity test should be in place. All police candidates should be pre-screened (background checks, drug test, alcohol testing), which will help to weed out the bad candidates from future police officer positions. The fight against corruption will be a long battle as the problems of yesterday, still remain today, with little to no improvement.Discretion is defined as the opportunity for law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities. In most cases this is where corruption starts. An officer sakes a free cup of coffee; next hes taking bribes for simple tickets. Although most of the time it doesnt reach the high level of corruption it does happen. Discretion in law enforcement has always been a hot topic with the police and the community. The community thinks that the police do not use enough discretion and the police think they use too much discretion.In my opinion I believe that the police should be able to use discretion when they can as long as it doesnt cross that fine line into corruption. The police make very hard decisions on a daily basis and you do to want an officer to rush into a decision where he either has to shoot, or has to talk you down. Discretion is a very important tool used by law enforcement. Police discretion designates power or freedom to Judge and decide what needs to be done in a certain situation.When the police get involved in a situation the first thing he does is figure out whether or not the situation should be criminality or if it Just involves some intervention by the police. For instance, if the police arrive at a bar they should arrest the person, or cut them a brake and let them go with a warning. The police may arrive on a scene to assist a woman giving birth; the officer must use discretion and make a quick decision. He may first call an ambulance or he may have to escort her in his car to get there quicker.Police officers have to use discretion on a daily basis. There will never be a way for the police to have a manual on every situation that may occur and what the officer should do in that situation. This is where discretion comes into play for officers, there are Just way too many out of the ordinary situations out there for police officers not to use discretion. Police officers are trained very well but the one thing they cannot teach is when and where to use discretion.Although there are only a small number of corrupt police officers it still has a negative effect on society. Citizens feel that because of the corruption that they cant trust all police officers. In some instances people would rather deal with problems themselves rather than calling on police officers that they feel they cannot trust. Police officers need to ban together and police themselves and get rid of corruption so that citizens can trust whoever shows up in the time of need.